Clashes broke out between Armenian and Azerbaijani forces in the disputed Nagorno Karabakh region, and both sides reported civilian deaths.
Armenia said Azerbaijan had launched an air and artillery attack. It later declared martial law and mass military mobilization.
Azerbaijan blamed Armenia and said it was responding to bombing along the front.
The protracted conflict has erupted again in recent months.
• Learn more about Nagorno-Karabakh
• An overview of the country of Armenia
• An overview of the state of Azerbaijan
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan pledged support for Azerbaijan, describing Armenia as "the biggest threat to peace and tranquility in the region."
Meanwhile, the Russian Foreign Ministry called for an immediate ceasefire and talks to stabilize the situation.
For four decades, they have been caught in an unresolved dispute over Nagorno-Karabakh, which is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan but controlled by ethnic Armenians.
Border fighting in July killed at least 16 people, prompting the largest popular demonstration in years in the Azerbaijani capital, Baku, to demand full mobilization and retaking of the area.
Turkey has close relations with Azerbaijan and does not have relations with Armenia due to the dispute over the mass killing of Armenians during the Ottoman era. Armenia says this was a genocide, but Turkey vehemently denies this.
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